Discipline "Molecular biology"

Concluding #3

1. The concept of the cell cycle. Phases of mitosis. Cytokinesis.
2. Structure and organization of the cell nucleus. The nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores.
3. Levels of DNA packing in chromosomes. Chromatin remodeling.
4. Spatial organization of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus. Metaphase chromosome. Types of chromosomal rearrangements.
5. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle: the main complexes and mechanisms of action at different phases of the cell cycle. Dynamics of expression of cyclin proteins.
6. The main regulatory proteins of the cell cycle: protein kinases and protein phosphatases cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins, ubiquitin ligases and their activators.
7. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of the S-phase of the cell cycle. Control of chromosome replication. The role of cohesin proteins.
8. Telomeric sections of chromosomes. The role of the enzyme telomerase.
9. Molecular mechanisms of the M-phase of the cell cycle. The structure of the mitotic spindle of division. Types of microtubules. The structure of the centrosome. Mechanisms of cytokinesis in mammals.
10. Growth factors and mitogens: classification and mechanisms of action. Epidermal and transforming growth factor.
11. Growth factor receptors: structure and mechanisms of signal transduction.
12. The role of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cell cycle arrest after DNA damage.
13. Types and mechanisms of cell damage. Necrosis and apoptosis: definitions and comparative characteristics.
14. Types of programmed cell death. Apoptosis. Biological significance. Morphological signs of apoptosis. Comparative characteristics of necrosis and apoptosis.
15. Biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis: triggering factors, the role of caspases, cytochrome С, and protein p53.
16. Phases of apoptosis: classification of regulatory proteins and their functions. Formation by apoptosis.
17. Disorders of apoptosis. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of tumor and neurodegenerative diseases.
18. Carcinogenesis (oncogenesis, tumorigenesis). Molecular mechanisms of tumor cell transformation and metastasis of tumor cells.
19. Violations of DNA repair systems in the development of various diseases.
20. The biological significance of apoptosis in normal and pathological conditions.
21. Signaling pathways in the regulation of the cell cycle.
22. Protein folding and its disorders in neurodegenerative diseases.
23. Principles of the development and research of antitumor drugs.