The list of questions for EXAM
- The subject of molecular biology. The importance of molecular biology in the medical education system;
- The main classes of biological molecules: nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids;
- Cellular organelles (overview, structure, function)
- Central dogma of molecular biology, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene.
- Principles of structure and biological functions of nucleic acids;
- Principles of structure and biological functions of proteins;
- Definition and biological role of enzymes;
- Chemical composition of the cell. Types of chemical bonds. Small and large molecules in the cell.
- The main types of chemical reactions in biological systems;
- Metabolic pathways. The concept of metabolism. Energy supply of metabolic processes. The role of macroergic compounds (bonds). Ways of using ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) energy;
- The concept of "omics" technologies in medicine;
- Structure and functions of nucleic acids. Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA;
- Main differences between DNA and RNA;
- Levels of structural organization of chromatin. The role of histone and non-histone proteins in DNA compaction.
- Structure of human genome (histones, nucleosomes, chromatin)
- Methods for studying the structure and functions of nucleic acids.
- DNA replication: basic principles of matrix biosynthesis. Consistency of replication and cell cycle.
- Comparison of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Initiation of DNA replication: the scheme of the process, the main enzymes and their function.
- Elongation and termination of DNA replication: the scheme of the process, the main enzymes and their function. Mechanisms of biosynthesis of leading and lagging DNA chains.
- Types of DNA damages and their causes.
- DNA repair: the main mechanisms of DNA structure restoration. Violations of DNA repair systems and their biomedical significance.
- Medicine that inhibit replication.
- Stages of implementation of genetic information. The concept of transcription and translation
- The main types of RNA and their functions. Types of RNA polymerases
- RNA biosynthesis: stages of the process. Features of transcription in eukaryotes.
- Post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. Role of splicing
- Protein biosynthesis. The genetic code and its properties. Function and structural features of tRNA
- Ribosomes: structural features in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Active centers of ribosomes
- Features of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- Gene Expression. tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, ribosome structure.
- Principles of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. The theory of the "operon". Lactose and tryptophan operon.
- Levels of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Packaging of genetic material.
- Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Regulation of RNA transcription and processing.
- Regulation of translation and post-translational modifications of the protein. Mechanisms of induction and repression of gene expression.
- The concept of genetic engineering. Goals, tasks, methods.
- Amino acids: principles of structure, classification. The peptide bond.
- Proteins (proteins): definition, biological functions.
- Levels of structural organization of proteins. Primary structure. The secondary structure of the protein.
- The tertiary structure of the protein. Globular and fibrillar proteins.
- Chemical bonds that stabilize the structures of the protein molecule. Denaturation and renaturation.
- Methods of studying the structure of proteins. Techniques for studying protein.
- The role of chaperones and chaperonins. Hsp70 chaperones.
- Non-enzymatic post-translational modification.
- Enzymatic post-translational modification with cleavage of the polypeptide chain.
- Methylation, hydroxylation, introduction of additional carboxyl group, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ADP-ribosylation, prenylation, sulfation, ubiquitinylation of proteins.
- Metabolic pathways and the biological significance of their regulation.
- Principles of regulation of enzyme activity.
- Examples and functional role of cofactors – metal ions, vitamin derivatives.
- Allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity.
- Inhibitors of enzymatic activity: classification and mechanisms of action.
- Regulation of enzyme activity by protein-protein interactions.
- Adenylate cyclase mechanism of hormonal signal transmission. The role of cAMP.
- Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
- Partial proteolysis: biological significance and examples.
- Principles of using enzymes as clinical and laboratory biomarkers.
- Enzymes as medicines.
- Principles of the structure of biological membranes: formation of a lipid bilayer, mosaic model. The main components of biological membranes.
- Functions and properties of biological membranes.
- Classification and biological functions of membrane proteins.
- Classification of mechanisms of transport of substances through membranes.
- Passive transport: basic mechanisms and biological role. Osmotic pressure and its importance in maintaining cell integrity. Saline solutions.
- Active transport: basic mechanisms and examples of transporter proteins.
- Exocytosis and endocytosis: the main mechanisms and biological role.
- Metabotropic and ionotropic receptors
- The receptor function of biological membranes. Classification of receptors.
- Principles of hormonal signal transmission.
- Classification of G-proteins. Secondary intermediaries.
- Adenylate cyclase signal transduction system: examples of receptors, main effects and biological role.
- Inositol phosphate signal transduction: examples of receptors, main effects and biological role.
- A nuclear-type reception system.
- The structure of nuclear receptors. Androgen/estrogen/glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid/retinoid/thyroid hormone receptors.
- Hormone sensitive DNA elements.
- Mechanisms of hormonal induction of transcription and translation processes.
- The interaction of hormones with the chromatin of target cells.
- Activation of transcription by translocation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases from the cytoplasm into the nuclei of target cells.
- Mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction and biological effects on the example of the insulin receptor.
- Regulation of receptor activity.
- The concept of the cell cycle. Phases of mitosis. Cytokinesis.
- Structure and organization of the cell nucleus. The nuclear envelope. Nuclear pores.
- Levels of DNA packing in chromosomes. Chromatin remodeling.
- Spatial organization of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus. Metaphase chromosome. Types of chromosomal rearrangements.
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in the control of the cell cycle: the main complexes and mechanisms of action at different phases of the cell cycle. Dynamics of expression of cyclin proteins.
- The main regulatory proteins of the cell cycle: protein kinases and protein phosphatases cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins, ubiquitin ligases and their activators.
- Molecular mechanisms of regulation of the S-phase of the cell cycle. Control of chromosome replication. The role of cohesin proteins.
- Telomeric sections of chromosomes. The role of the enzyme telomerase.
- Molecular mechanisms of the M-phase of the cell cycle. The structure of the mitotic spindle of division. Types of microtubules. The structure of the centrosome. Mechanisms of cytokinesis in mammals.
- Growth factors and mitogens: classification and mechanisms of action. Epidermal and transforming growth factor.
- Growth factor receptors: structure and mechanisms of signal transduction.
- The role of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in the regulation of the cell cycle. Cell cycle arrest after DNA damage.
- Types and mechanisms of cell damage. Necrosis and apoptosis: definitions and comparative characteristics.
- Types of programmed cell death. Apoptosis. Biological significance. Morphological signs of apoptosis. Comparative characteristics of necrosis and apoptosis.
- Biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis: triggering factors, the role of caspases, cytochrome С, and protein p53.
- Phases of apoptosis: classification of regulatory proteins and their functions. Formation by apoptosis.
- Disorders of apoptosis. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of tumor and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Carcinogenesis (oncogenesis, tumorigenesis). Molecular mechanisms of tumor cell transformation and metastasis of tumor cells.
- Violations of DNA repair systems in the development of various diseases.
- The biological significance of apoptosis in normal and pathological conditions.
- Signaling pathways in the regulation of the cell cycle.
- Protein folding and its disorders in neurodegenerative diseases.
- Principles of the development and research of antitumor drugs.
Последнее изменение: Пятница, 9 Июнь 2023, 13:35