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Assignment for Lecture 20
1. What distinguishes hormones from hormonoids (tissue hormones)?
2. Which organs are endocrine glands?
3. What is the negative feedback mechanism?
Test tasks
1. Indicate whether the statement that hyperthyroidism can be of an autoimmune nature is true:
a) yes;
b) no.
2. Determine which changes are characteristic of Addison's disease:
a) decrease in BCC and dehydration, decrease in blood pressure, adynamia and muscle weakness, hypoglycemia;
b) edema, tachycardia, accumulation of Na in the body and loss of K.
3. Indicate the etiological factors of type I diabetes mellitus
a) viral infection, genetic predisposition, destruction of ß-cells of the islets of Langerhans by antibodies;
b) decrease in the number of insulin receptors, overeating accompanied by obesity, decrease in the sensitivity of receptors to insulin.
4. Determine whether an enlarged thyroid gland always indicates its hyperfunction:
a) yes;
b) no.
5. Specify the condition that is not accompanied by hyperglycemia:
a) acromegaly;
b) insulinoma;
c) Itsenko-Cushing syndrome.
6. Specify the signs characteristic of hypoparathyroidism:
a) decreased concentration of Ca2+ in blood plasma, increased phosphates in blood plasma, tetany;
b) decreased concentration of Ca2+ in blood plasma, softening of bone tissue.
7. Specify the endocrine glands regulated by the transpituitary mechanism:
a) thyroid gland, adrenal cortex;
b) adrenal medulla.
8. Mark the conditions that occur with hyperproduction of STH:
a) pituitary obesity;
b) acromegaly, gigantism;
c) Addison's disease.
9. Excessive production of ACTH leads to increased secretion of:
a) androgenic corticosteroids, corticosterone, cortisol, aldosterone;
b) norepinephrine, adrenaline.
Assignment for Lecture 21
Test tasks
1. Specify the changes in the nerve when its integrity is compromised:
a) its peripheral part regenerates, the proximal part degenerates
b) its proximal part regenerates, the distal part degenerates
2. What manifestations are typical for central paralysis?
a) preservation of voluntary movements, absence of tendon reflexes, muscle atrophy
b) increased muscle tone, increased tendon reflexes, loss of voluntary movements, appearance of pathological reflexes
3. What manifestations are typical for peripheral paralysis?
a) increased spinal reflexes, appearance of pathological reflexes, muscle hypertonicity
b) hypotrophy, muscle hypotonia, hypo-, areflexia
4. What types of peripheral nerve fibers conduct "pain impulses"?
a) A-alpha fibers, A-beta fibers, A-gamma fibers
b) A-delta fibers, group C fibers
5. What is not typical for severe myasthenia:
a) excessive accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
b) increased muscle fatigue
c) the appearance of antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor in the blood
d) a decrease in the number of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction