The list of questions

  1. The subject of molecular biology. The importance of molecular biology in the medical education system;
  2. The main classes of biological molecules: nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids;
  3. Cellular organelles (overview, structure, function)
  4. Central dogma of molecular biology, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene.
  5. Principles of structure and biological functions of nucleic acids;
  6. Principles of structure and biological functions of proteins;
  7. Definition and biological role of enzymes;
  8. Chemical composition of the cell. Types of chemical bonds. Small and large molecules in the cell.
  9. The main types of chemical reactions in biological systems;
  10. Metabolic pathways. The concept of metabolism. Energy supply of metabolic processes. The role of macroergic compounds (bonds). Ways of using ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) energy;
  11. The concept of "omics" technologies in medicine;
  12. Structure and functions of nucleic acids. Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of DNA;
  13. Main differences between DNA and RNA;
  14. Levels of structural organization of chromatin. The role of histone and non-histone proteins in DNA compaction.
  15. Structure of human genome (histones, nucleosomes, chromatin)
  16. Methods for studying the structure and functions of nucleic acids.
  17. DNA replication: basic principles of matrix biosynthesis. Consistency of replication and cell cycle.
  18. Comparison of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  19. Initiation of DNA replication: the scheme of the process, the main enzymes and their function.
  20. Elongation and termination of DNA replication: the scheme of the process, the main enzymes and their function. Mechanisms of biosynthesis of leading and lagging DNA chains.
  21. Types of DNA damages and their causes.
  22. DNA repair: the main mechanisms of DNA structure restoration. Violations of DNA repair systems and their biomedical significance.
  23. Medicine that inhibit replication.
  24. Stages of implementation of genetic information. The concept of transcription and translation
  25. The main types of RNA and their functions. Types of RNA polymerases
  26. RNA biosynthesis: stages of the process. Features of transcription in eukaryotes.
  27. Post-transcriptional modifications in eukaryotes. Role of splicing
  28. Protein biosynthesis. The genetic code and its properties. Function and structural features of tRNA
  29. Ribosomes: structural features in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Active centers of ribosomes
  30. Features of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  31. Gene Expression. tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, ribosome structure.
  32. Principles of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. The theory of the "operon". Lactose and tryptophan operon.
  33. Levels of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Packaging of genetic material.
  34. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Regulation of RNA transcription and processing.
  35. Regulation of translation and post-translational modifications of the protein. Mechanisms of induction and repression of gene expression.
  36. The concept of genetic engineering. Goals, tasks, methods.
Последнее изменение: Пятница, 9 Июнь 2023, 13:35