Discipline "Molecular biology"

Concluding #2

1. Amino acids: principles of structure, classification. The peptide bond.
2. Proteins (proteins): definition, biological functions.
3. Levels of structural organization of proteins. Primary structure. The secondary structure of the protein.
4. The tertiary structure of the protein. Globular and fibrillar proteins.
5. Chemical bonds that stabilize the structures of the protein molecule. Denaturation and renaturation.
6. Methods of studying the structure of proteins. Techniques for studying protein.
7. The role of chaperones and chaperonins. Hsp70 chaperones.
8. Non-enzymatic post-translational modification.
9. Enzymatic post-translational modification with cleavage of the polypeptide chain.
10. Methylation, hydroxylation, introduction of additional carboxyl group, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ADP-ribosylation, prenylation, sulfation, ubiquitinylation of proteins.
11. Metabolic pathways and the biological significance of their regulation.
12. Principles of regulation of enzyme activity.
13. Examples and functional role of cofactors – metal ions, vitamin derivatives.
14. Allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity.
15. Inhibitors of enzymatic activity: classification and mechanisms of action.
16. Regulation of enzyme activity by protein-protein interactions.
17. Adenylate cyclase mechanism of hormonal signal transmission. The role of cAMP.
18. Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
19. Partial proteolysis: biological significance and examples.
20. Principles of using enzymes as clinical and laboratory biomarkers.
21. Enzymes as medicines.
22. Principles of the structure of biological membranes: formation of a lipid bilayer, mosaic model. The main components of biological membranes.
23. Functions and properties of biological membranes.
24. Classification and biological functions of membrane proteins.
25. Classification of mechanisms of transport of substances through membranes.
26. Passive transport: basic mechanisms and biological role. Osmotic pressure and its importance in maintaining cell integrity. Saline solutions.
27. Active transport: basic mechanisms and examples of transporter proteins.
28. Exocytosis and endocytosis: the main mechanisms and biological role.
29. Metabotropic and ionotropic receptors
30. The receptor function of biological membranes. Classification of receptors.
31. Principles of hormonal signal transmission.
32. Classification of G-proteins. Secondary intermediaries.
33. Adenylate cyclase signal transduction system: examples of receptors, main effects and biological role.
34. Inositol phosphate signal transduction: examples of receptors, main effects and biological role.
35. A nuclear-type reception system.
36. The structure of nuclear receptors. Androgen/estrogen/glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid/retinoid/thyroid hormone receptors.
37. Hormone sensitive DNA elements.
38. Mechanisms of hormonal induction of transcription and translation processes.
39. The interaction of hormones with the chromatin of target cells.
40. Activation of transcription by translocation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases from the cytoplasm into the nuclei of target cells.
41. Mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction and biological effects on the example of the insulin receptor.
42. Regulation of receptor activity.